![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Regarding data equivalence, in both controlled and uncontrolled settings, the included studies found no significant differences in the mean overall scores between apps and other delivery modes, and that all correlation coefficients exceeded the recommended thresholds for data equivalence. We included 14 studies (15 records) with a total of 2275 participants although we included only 2272 participants in the final analyses as there were missing data for three participants from one included study. We included studies that were published in 2007 or after, as devices that became available during this time are compatible with the mobile operating system (OS) framework that focuses on apps. We included studies that reported any of the following outcomes: data equivalence data accuracy data completeness response rates differences in the time taken to complete a survey questionnaire differences in respondent's adherence to the original sampling protocol and acceptability to respondents of the delivery mode. We also included data offered by both healthy volunteers and by those with any clinical diagnosis. We included data obtained from participants completing health‐related self‐administered survey questionnaire, both validated and non‐validated. We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs), crossover trials and paired repeated measures studies that compared the electronic delivery of self‐administered survey questionnaires via a smartphone or tablet app with any other delivery mode. ![]()
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